Selective Laser Melting processed Ti6Al4V lattices with graded porosities for dental applications

Dental implants need to support good osseointegration into the surrounding bone for full functionality. Interconnected porous structures have a lower stiffness and larger surface area compared with bulk structures, and therefore are likely to enable better bone-implant fixation. In addition, grading of the porosity may enable large pores for ingrowth on the periphery of an implant and a denser core to maintain mechanical properties. However, given the small diameter of dental implants it is very challenging to achieve gradations in porosity. This paper investigates the use of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) to produce a range of titanium structures with regular and graded porosity using various CAD models. This includes a novel 'Spider Web' design and lattices built on a diamond unit cell. Well-formed interconnecting porous structures were successfully developed in a one-step process. Mechanical testing indicated that the compression stiffness of the samples was within the range for cancellous bone tissue. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) indicated the designed porosities were well-replicated. The structures supported bone cell growth and deposition of bone extracellular matrix

Selective Laser Melting processed Ti6Al4V lattices with graded porosities for dental applications

Dental implants need to support good osseointegration into the surrounding bone for full functionality. Interconnected porous structures have a lower stiffness and larger surface area compared with bulk structures, and therefore are likely to enable better bone-implant fixation. In addition, grading of the porosity may enable large pores for ingrowth on the periphery of an implant and a denser core to maintain mechanical properties. However, given the small diameter of dental implants it is very challenging to achieve gradations in porosity. This paper investigates the use of Selective Laser Melting (SLM) to produce a range of titanium structures with regular and graded porosity using various CAD models. This includes a novel 'Spider Web' design and lattices built on a diamond unit cell. Well-formed interconnecting porous structures were successfully developed in a one-step process. Mechanical testing indicated that the compression stiffness of the samples was within the range for cancellous bone tissue. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) indicated the designed porosities were well-replicated. The structures supported bone cell growth and deposition of bone extracellular matrix

Cold‐sintered C0G multilayer ceramic capacitors

Multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) based on (Bi0.95Li0.05)(V0.9Mo0.1)O4‐Na2Mo2O7 (BLVMO‐NMO), with εr = 39, temperature coefficient of capacitance, TCC ≈ ±0.01%, and tan δ = 0.01 at 1 MHz, are successfully fabricated by a cold‐sintering process at 150 °C. Scanning electron microscopy of the MLCCs combined with EDS mapping, X‐ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy reveals well‐laminated and undistorted dielectric layers composed of BLVMO and NMO discrete phases separated by Ag internal electrodes. Prototypes show comparable properties to C0G MLCCs (TCC = ±30 ppm °C−1 from −55 to +125 °C) currently commercially fabricated at 1100 °C using CaZrO3‐based dielectrics with glass sintering aids and Ni internal electrodes

Looking Ahead: Health Impact Assessment of Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labelling Schema as a Public Health Measure

This study aimed to describe the underlying process, used methods and major recommendations emerging from a comprehensive and prospective health impact assessment of the endorsement of a front-of-pack nutrition labelling (FOP-NL) system by the Portuguese health authorities. A mixed-methods approach was used to gather information on the impact of four FOP-NL schemes on consumers' selection of food products according to the perception of their nutritional quality, combining a systematic literature review, focus groups (FG), in-depth individual interviews, and an open-label crossover randomized controlled study. The relevance of FOP-NL as a public health promotion policy has emerged as a consensual idea among either FGs' participants (i.e., consumers and experts), or interviewed stakeholders. Although all of the evaluated FOP-NLs result better than no system on promoting the choice of the healthiest product, the effectiveness of easy-to-interpret FOP-NL among vulnerable groups raised concerns related to the need of integrating specific nutritional information to promote a better self-management of chronic diseases, and related to the level of literacy of consumers, which could impair the usage of FOP-NL. Educational campaigns addressing skills to use FOP-NL is recommended. Furthermore, a monitoring strategy should be considered to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of this policy in promoting healthier food choices, and in reducing diet-related non-communicable diseases burden

Temperature Stable and Fatigue Resistant lead-free ceramics for actuators

Lead-free ceramics with the composition 0.91K1/2Bi1/2TiO3–0.09(0.82BiFeO3-0.15NdFeO3-0.03Nd2/3TiO3) were prepared using a conventional solid state, mixed oxide route. The ceramics exhibited a high strain of 0.16% at 6 kV mm1, stable from room temperature to 175 C, with a variation of <10%. The materials were fabricated into multilayer structures by co-firing with Pt internal electrodes. The prototype multilayer actuator exhibited constant strains up to 300 C with a variation of 15%. The composition showed fatigue resistant behaviour in both monolithic and multilayer form after bipolar loading of 106 cycles

Point defect induced incommensurate dipole moments in the KCa2Nb3O10 Dion-Jacobson layered perovskite

Local structural distortions due to isolated atomic defects and defect complexes strongly affect the macroscopic properties of oxide ceramics. While the characterization of local defect structures is more common in simple ABO3 perovskites, unambiguous determination of the same in layered perovskites is more difficult due to their complex crystal structures. Here, we combined x-ray pair distribution function and density functional theory calculations to characterize the structure of cation-oxygen divacancy pairs in a Dion-Jacobson (D-J) layered perovskite. Our results indicate that local incommensurate dipole moments with polarization density in the range of ∼0.1–17μC/cm2 are created due to divacancy-induced structural distortions in the D-J phase KCa2Nb3O10. This is comparable with defect dipole moments observed in well-known perovskite ferroelectrics. The current results imply that controlling the atomic defects can potentially lead to significant control of dielectric properties in D-J layered perovskites

Temperature stable cold sintered (Bi0.95Li0.05)(V0.9Mo0.1)O4-Na2Mo2O7 microwave dielectric composites

Dense (Bi0.95Li0.05)(V0.9Mo0.1)O4-Na2Mo2O7 (100−x) wt.% (Bi0.95Li0.05)(V0.9Mo0.1)O4 (BLVMO)-x wt.% Na2Mo2O7 (NMO) composite ceramics were successfully fabricated through cold sintering at 150 °C under at 200 MPa for 30 min. X-ray diffraction, back-scattered scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy not only corroborated the coexistence of BLVMO and NMO phases in all samples, but also the absence of parasitic phases and interdiffusion. With increasing NMO concentration, the relative pemittivity (εr) and the Temperature Coefficient of resonant Frequency (TCF) decreased, whereas the Microwave Quality Factor (Qf) increased. Near-zero TCF was measured for BLVMO-20wt.%NMO composites which exhibited εr ~ 40 and Qf ~ 4000 GHz. Finally, a dielectric Graded Radial INdex (GRIN) lens was simulated using the range of εr in the BLVMO-NMO system, which predicted a 70% aperture efficiency at 26 GHz, ideal for 5G applications

High discharge energy density in novel K1/2Bi1/2TiO3-BiFeO3 based relaxor ferroelectrics

An increasing number of new dielectrics are being reported for the development of next-generation ceramic capacitors for power electronics used in clean energy technologies. Here, high discharge energy density (Wdis) ~6.1 J cm−3 with efficiency (η)~72% under a pulsed field (Emax) of 410 kV cm−1 is reported along with temperature stability up to 150 °C (Emax = 200 kV cm−1) for 0.5 K0.5Bi0.5TiO3-0.42BiFeO3-0.08Sm(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3 (KBT-BF-SMN) bulk ceramics. The optimised composition is chemically heterogeneous but electrically homogenous, similar to several BiFeO3-based dielectrics reported previously and adding to the growing body of evidence that electrical (measured at weak-field) not chemical homogeneity is the best guide to increased Emax and enhanced energy density. KBT-BF-SMN ceramics are therefore considered as promising candidates for pulsed power and power electronics applications

Re-entrant relaxor ferroelectric behaviour in Nb-doped BiFeO 3 –BaTiO 3 ceramics †

BiFeO3–BaTiO3 (BF–BT) solid solutions exhibit great promise as the basis for high temperature piezoelectric transducers and energy storage dielectrics, but the fundamental mechanisms governing their functional properties require further clarification. In the present study, both pure and niobium-doped 0.7BF–0.3BT ceramics are synthesized by solid state reaction and their structure–property relationships are systematically investigated. It is shown that substituting a low concentration of Ti with Nb at a level of 0.5 at% increases the resistivity of BF–BT ceramics and facilitates ferroelectric switching at high electric field levels. Stable planar piezoelectric coupling factor values are achieved with a variation from 0.35 to 0.45 over the temperature range from 100 to 430 °C. In addition to the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transformation at the Curie point (∼430 °C), a frequency-dependent relaxation of the dielectric permittivity and associated loss peak are observed over the temperature range from −50 to +150 °C. These effects are correlated with anomalous enhancement of the remanent polarization and structural (rhombohedral) distortion with increasing temperature, indicating the occurrence of a re-entrant relaxor ferroelectric transformation on cooling. The results of the study provide new insight into the thermal evolution of structure and the corresponding functional properties in BF–BT and related solid solutions

The influence of rice husk ash addition on the properties of metakaolin-based geopolymers

This paper investigates the replacement of metakaolin (MK) with rice husk ash (RHA) in the production of alkali-activated binders or geopolymers. The influence of the RHA addition on compressive and flexural strength, as well as water absorption and apparent porosity were determined, in terms of the percentage of RHA in the mixture and molar ratios of the mixes. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Energy Dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were carried out to assess the changes in the microstructure of the geopolymer matrices with the RHA addition. Results have shown that RHA may be a supplementary precursor for geopolymers. The composition of the geopolymer matrices containing 0-40% RHA is very similar, which indicates that the additional Si provided by RHA is not incorporated to the geopolymer matrix. In addition, geopolymers with RHA content higher than 40% present a plastic behavior, characterized by extremely low strength and high deformation, which can be attributed to the formation of silica gel in formulations containing variable Si/Al ratio